ESS1.A
- Patterns of the motion of the sun, moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, and predicted.
- At night one can see the light coming from many stars with the naked eye, but telescopes make it possible to see many more and to observe them and the moon and planets in greater detail.
ESS1.B
- Seasonal patterns of sunrise and sunset can be observed, described, and predicted.
ESS1.C
- Some events on Earth occur in cycles, like day and night and others have a beginning and an end, like a volcanic eruption.
- Some events on Earth occur in cycles, like day and night, and others have a beginning and an end, like a volcanic eruption.
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ESS1.A
- The sun is a star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer. Stars range greatly in their size and distance from Earth.
ESS1.B
- The orbits of Earth around the sun and of the moon around Earth, together with the rotation of Earth about an axis between its North and South poles, cause observable patterns. These include day and night; daily and seasonal changes in the length and direction of shadows; phases of the moon; and different positions of the sun, moon, and stars at different times of the day, month, and year.
- Some objects in the solar system can be seen with the naked eye. Planets in the night sky change positions and are not always visible from Earth as they orbit the sun. Stars appear in patterns called constellations, which can be used for navigation and appear to move together across the sky because of Earth’s rotation.
PS2.B
- The gravitational force of Earth acting on an object near Earth’s surface pulls that object toward the planet’s center.
PS4.B
- A great deal of light travels through space to Earth from the sun and from distant stars. Because lenses bend light beams, they can be used, singly or in combination, to provide magnified images of objects too small or too far away to be seen with the naked eye.
PS4.C
- Lenses can be used to make eyeglasses, telescopes, or microscopes in order to extend what can be seen. The design of such instruments is based on understanding how the path of light bends at the surface of a lens.
ESS1.A
- The sun is a star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer. Stars range greatly in their size and distance from Earth.
ESS1.B
- The orbits of Earth around the sun and of the moon around Earth, together with the rotation of Earth about an axis between its North and South poles, cause observable patterns. These include day and night; daily and seasonal changes in the length and direction of shadows; phases of the moon; and different positions of the sun, moon, and stars at different times of the day, month, and year.
- Some objects in the solar system can be seen with the naked eye. Planets in the night sky change positions and are not always visible from Earth as they orbit the sun. Stars appear in patterns called constellations, which can be used for navigation and appear to move together across the sky because of Earth’s rotation.
ETS2.A
- Tools and instruments (e.g., rulers, balances, thermometers, graduated cylinders, telescopes, microscopes) are used in scientific exploration to gather data and help answer questions about the natural world. Engineering design can develop and improve such technologies.
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MS.ESS-SS
ESS1.A
- Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models.
- The universe began with a period of extreme and rapid expansion known as the Big Bang.
- Earth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe.
ESS1.B
- The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them.
- This model of the solar system can explain tides, eclipses of the sun and the moon, and the motion of the planets in the sky relative to the stars.
- Earth’s spin axis is fixed in direction over the short term but tilted relative to its orbit around the sun. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year.
PS2.C
- A system can be changing but have a stable repeating cycle of changes; such observed regular patterns allow predictions about the system’s future (e.g., Earth orbiting the sun).
MS-ETS-ETSS
ETS2.A
- Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems
- In order to design better technologies, new science may need to be explored.
- Technologies in turn extend the measurement, exploration, modeling, and computational capacity of scientific investigations.
ETS2.B
- All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short- and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of both people and the natural environment.
- The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions.
- Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time.
- Technologies that are beneficial for a certain purpose may later be seen to have impacts may be required.
MS.PS-WER
PS4.A
- A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
- A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted.
- Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.
PS4.B
- When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object’s material and the frequency (color) of the light.
- The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends. Lenses and prisms are applications of this effect.
- A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media (prisms). However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves.
PS4.C
- Appropriately designed technologies (e.g., radio, television, cell phones, wired and wireless computer networks) make it possible to detect and interpret many types of signals that cannot be sensed directly. Designers of such devices must understand both the signal and its interactions with matter.
- Many modern communication devices use digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) as a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.
MS.PS-IF
PS2.B
- Electric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects.
- Gravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects have large mass—for example, Earth and the sun.
- Long-range gravitational interactions govern the evolution and maintenance of large-scale systems in space, such as galaxies or the solar system, and determine the patterns of motion within those structures.
- Forces that act at a distance (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) can be explained by force fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a ball, a charged object, or a magnet, respectively)
PS2.C
- A stable system is one in which any small change results in forces that return the system to its prior state (e.g., a weight hanging from a string).
- A system can be static but unstable (e.g., a pencil standing on end). A system can be changing but have a stable repeating cycle of changes; such observed regular patterns allow predictions about the system’s future (e.g., Earth orbiting the sun). Many systems, both natural and engineered, rely on feedback mechanisms to maintain stability, but they can function only within a limited range of conditions. With no energy inputs, a system starting out in an unstable state will continue to change until it reaches a stable configuration (e.g., sand in an hourglass).
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ESS1.A
- The star called the sun is changing and will burn out over a life span of approximately 10 billion years.
- The sun is just one of more than 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, and the Milky Way is just one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe.
- The study of stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identify compositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. And to develop explanations about the formation, age, and composition of the universe. The Big Bang theory is supported by the fact that it provides an explanation of observations of distant galaxies receding from our own, of the measured composition of stars and the non-stellar gases, and of the maps of spectra of the primordial radiation (cosmic microwave background) that still fills the universe.
- Other than the hydrogen and helium formed at the time of the Big Bang, nuclear fusion within stars produces all atomic nuclei lighter than and including iron, and the process releases electromagnetic energy. Heavier elements are produced when certain massive stars achieve a supernova stage and explode.
ESS1.B
- Kepler’s laws describe common features of the motions of orbiting objects, including their elliptical paths around the sun. Orbits may change due to the gravitational effects from, or collisions with, other objects in the solar system.
- Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun, together with changes in the orientation of the planet’s axis of rotation, both occurring over tens to hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on Earth. These phenomena cause cycles of ice ages and other gradual climate changes.
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